Congestive Heart Failure

The text details diagnostic protocols, emphasizing the role of advanced imaging such as echocardiography and thoracic radiography, alongside laboratory markers to identify the stages of cardiac decompensation. The author outlines evidence-based treatment recommendations to optimize outcomes for dogs suffering from fluid accumulation due to cardiac dysfunction. The work is designed to serve as both a study resource for veterinary students and a quick-reference guide for practitioners in internal medicine and critical care settings.